CNC machining is more cost-effective for simple parts. Complex geometries are possible but often require multi-axis setups, increasing time and cost. Tool access limits design flexibility, as cutting tool size and angle affect reach. High startup costs can raise per-part pricing for small batches. As a subtractive process, CNC also generates material waste. However, raw material blanks are typically cheaper than the powders used in additive manufacturing, helping offset waste-related costs.